# Photovoltaics & Applications | Ooitech Technical Blog > Cell and module technology explained: TOPCon, BC, HJT and perovskite routes, the materials used, the machines that build them and the process behind every watt. - [All Articles](Blog.html) - [Energy Storage & Applications 4](./Energy-Storage.html) - [Photovoltaics & Applications 118](./Photovoltaics.html) - [Electrical & Fundamentals 23](./Electrical-Fundamentals.html) - [Industry & Insights 22](./Industry-Insights.html) ## Our Latest Photovoltaics & Applications ![Why Bussing (Overlap Soldering) Causes Cell Cracks](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h600_fitblur_v2_2026101628282828.webp) - [** Jerry](./why-bussing-overlap-soldering-causes-cell-cracks-during-lamination-in-pv-modules.html) - [** 400 Views](./why-bussing-overlap-soldering-causes-cell-cracks-during-lamination-in-pv-modules.html) ### Why Bussing (Overlap Soldering) Causes Cell Cracks Three ways the bussing joint cracks a cell during lamination: a reserved gap tha··· ![Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Cells: 8nm ITO Interconnect](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h600_fitblur_v2_a9d3b778254af3ce0287f6a638fe5c28.webp) - [** Jerry](./perovskite-silicon-tandem-cells-8nm-ito-interconnect-layer-achieves-31-80-efficiency.html) - [** 347 Views](./perovskite-silicon-tandem-cells-8nm-ito-interconnect-layer-achieves-31-80-efficiency.html) ### Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Cells: 8nm ITO Interconnect An ultrathin 8 nm ITO interconnect layer combined with NiOx and Poly-SAM functio··· ![TOPCon Cells Under Damp Heat: Why](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h600_fitblur_v2_f468075ae4a8855289bdec6f476ac39b.webp) - [** Jerry](./topcon-cells-under-damp-heat-why-the-rear-side-fails-first.html) - [** 417 Views](./topcon-cells-under-damp-heat-why-the-rear-side-fails-first.html) ### TOPCon Cells Under Damp Heat: Why A close look at why the rear passivation stack of TOPCon solar cells degrades fa··· ![N-Type Silicon's Invisible Efficiency Killer: When](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h600_fitblur_v2_2026071710268538.webp) - [** Jerry](./n-type-silicons-invisible-efficiency-killer-when-oxygen-crosses-12-ppma-cells-lose-0-4.html) - [** 312 Views](./n-type-silicons-invisible-efficiency-killer-when-oxygen-crosses-12-ppma-cells-lose-0-4.html) ### N-Type Silicon's Invisible Efficiency Killer: When Concentric ring defects (CRD) are small oxygen precipitates hiding inside N-type··· ![XBC Solar Cell: Is BC Just One Technology?](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h600_fitblur_v2_2026071712963853.webp) - [** Jerry](./is-bc-just-one-technology-unpacking-the-xbc-solar-cell-family.html) - [** 376 Views](./is-bc-just-one-technology-unpacking-the-xbc-solar-cell-family.html) ### XBC Solar Cell: Is BC Just One Technology? BC (Back Contact) is a platform technology, not a single cell product. Learn how··· ![Pinholes in TOPCon Cells: The Surprising Path](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h600_fitblur_v2_8f4e05ab43e74a832b2faee10f80bb99.webp) - [** Jerry](./pinholes-in-topcon-cells-the-surprising-path-to-26-55-efficiency.html) - [** 327 Views](./pinholes-in-topcon-cells-the-surprising-path-to-26-55-efficiency.html) ### Pinholes in TOPCon Cells: The Surprising Path New research reveals two types of SiOx pinholes in TOPCon cells. Passivating pin··· ![Solar PV Module Manufacturing:](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h600_fitblur_v2_1784190499205538.webp) - [** Jerry](./solar-pv-module-manufacturing-the-system-behind-repeatable-modules.html) - [** 295 Views](./solar-pv-module-manufacturing-the-system-behind-repeatable-modules.html) ### Solar PV Module Manufacturing: Learn how solar PV module manufacturing links product design, material control, ··· ![Solar Panel Production Line Flow: Cells to Modules](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h600_fitblur_v2_1784188234757850.webp) - [** Jerry](./from-solar-cells-to-finished-modules-how-a-solar-panel-production-line-works.html) - [** 780 Views](./from-solar-cells-to-finished-modules-how-a-solar-panel-production-line-works.html) ### Solar Panel Production Line Flow: Cells to Modules How a solar panel production line turns cells into finished modules: stringing, ··· ![Solar Panel Making Machine: Which Machines You Need](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h600_fitblur_v2_1774338074286989.webp) - [** Jerry](./what-machines-are-used-to-make-solar-panels.html) - [** 1317 Views](./what-machines-are-used-to-make-solar-panels.html) ### Solar Panel Making Machine: Which Machines You Need Every machine a solar panel production line needs, in process order: cell sortin··· ![SiNx Too Thin and Silver Paste Punches Through](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h600_fitblur_v2_ffe27327c3b76ab63793c7ff5e44c617.webp) - [** Jerry](./sinx-too-thin-and-silver-paste-punches-through-the-poly-layer-too-thick-and-contact-resistance-jumps-600x-isfh-points-to-a-fix.html) - [** 915 Views](./sinx-too-thin-and-silver-paste-punches-through-the-poly-layer-too-thick-and-contact-resistance-jumps-600x-isfh-points-to-a-fix.html) ### SiNx Too Thin and Silver Paste Punches Through An ISFH study on POLO contacts shows how backside SiNx capping thickness and fir··· ![Why Are Solar Panels Blue and Not Black?](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h600_fitblur_v2_f8f3b7b529224f7f6a72d80f9d8f315f.webp) - [** Jerry](./why-are-solar-panels-mostly-blue-or-black.html) - [** 930 Views](./why-are-solar-panels-mostly-blue-or-black.html) ### Why Are Solar Panels Blue and Not Black? Why solar panels are mostly blue or black: silicon crystal structure, anti-refle··· ![Understanding Quarter-Cut Solar Modules:](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h600_fitblur_v2_b6f91d10694e40a706be7411956c5eb3.webp) - [** Jerry](./understanding-quarter-cut-solar-modules-the-power-saving-edge-and-the-hidden-trade-offs-explained-by-i2-loss.html) - [** 1135 Views](./understanding-quarter-cut-solar-modules-the-power-saving-edge-and-the-hidden-trade-offs-explained-by-i2-loss.html) ### Understanding Quarter-Cut Solar Modules: A plain-language breakdown of how quarter-cut solar modules cut resistive loss t··· - [**](/Photovoltaics_6.html) - [**](/Photovoltaics_8.html) ![](/template/ooitech/assets/img/shape/06.png) ![](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h700_fitblur_v2_w800_h700_fitblur_v2_1757399770541443.webp) ### Request A Quote All uploads are secure and confidential. ## We deliver expertise you can trust our service Direct-from-Factory Equipment. ![](/template/ooitech/assets/img/icon/money-2.svg) ### Cost-Effective Advantages We deliver exceptional value, maximizing results while optimizing budgets for clients. ![](/template/ooitech/assets/img/icon/staff.svg) ### Our Experience Team Our skilled professionals specialize in innovative solutions and tailored strategies. ![](/template/ooitech/assets/img/icon/certified.svg) ### 15+ Years Industry Experience Deep expertise ensures reliable, trend-aware, and proven outcomes for success. ![](https://cdn.ooitech.com/static/upload/image/20250910/1757477357667605.webp ) ![](https://cdn.ooitech.com/static/upload/image/20250910/1757477724911512.webp) ![](/template/ooitech/assets/img/shape/06.png) ## What Our Client Say's about us Client testimonials praise our deep understanding of their challenges, which leads to innovative solutions and strong ROI. Long-term collaborations—some over a decade—demonstrate their trust and satisfaction. Their success stories drive us to continually exceed expectations. [Know More **](#quote-form) ![](/template/ooitech/assets/img/icon/quote.svg) thank you for ooitech's professional support and on time after service. ![](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h600_fitblur_v2_1784509010217979.webp) ### Diarra From Africa ![](/template/ooitech/assets/img/icon/quote.svg) Thanks to Ooitech for providing the fully automated production equipment—your installation and after-sales service have been excellent. ![](https://cdn.ooitech.com/runtime/image/w800_h600_fitblur_v2_2026041720921238.webp) ### Amjad ![](/template/ooitech/assets/img/icon/quote.svg) A man with a big soul. Thank you very much for your visit Mr Wu. Thank you very much for the services provided in installing equipment and training my students. 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